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    Archaeological Evidence for the Bible

    From BibleStrength

    The following are extra-Biblical evidences supporting the Biblical account, for archaeological discoveries verifying the exact text of the Bible see Manuscript Evidence for the Bible. At least 50 figures from the Old Testament have been confirmed from archaeology.[1]




    List of Archaeological Artifacts

    Name Image Date Institution Description
    Noah's Ark[2][3] Scans of the Ark at Durupinar. NoahsArkScans. 2,650 B.C. Noah's Ark National Park; Durupinar, Turkey Ground Penetrating Radar/LiDAR scans released in September 2021 show a framework of ship timbers matching the Biblical dimensions of the Ark, over 6,000 feet in elevation near Mount Ararat. The site has been formally recognized as the location of the Ark by the government of Turkey since 1987, and top Turkish scientists helped produce the scans, including Dr. Fethi Ahmet Yüksel and Dr. Salih Bahraktutan.
    Tower/Walls of Jericho[4] Tower of Jericho 2,400 B.C. Tell es-Sultan Walls destroyed around 1,400 B.C. by an earthquake and a city destroyed by fire matching the Bible perfectly. A preserved tower connected to the destroyed walls has been dated at 8,000 B.C.
    Ebla Tablets[5] Ebla Clay Tablet 2500-2250 B.C. Syrian Museums 17,000 tablet library confirming names of Biblical cities (e.g. Jerusalem, Ashdod, Sidon, Carchemish), individuals (e.g. Adam, Michael, Esau), and early ritual sacrifice. The tablets provide evidence defeating the claims of Biblical critics such as a complex legal code and mention of both Canaan and the Hittites; critics claimed all were later revisions. The alphabet is strikingly similar to Hebrew. There is also a creation account similar to that of Genesis.
    Code of Ur-Nammu[6] Law Code of Ur-Nammu, Schoyen Collection 2100-2050 B.C. Iraq National Museum Ancient law code of Mesopotamia similar to the Laws of Eshnunna and Code of Hammurabi, it helped disprove the claims of critics who'd accused the Mosaic Law of being fictional, saying such a complex law could not have existed so long ago. Several laws are strikingly similar to the Mosaic Law, it may be that the Mosaic Law was actually based on similar ancient laws of Mesopotamia (where Abraham once lived). For detail on Moses' creation of the Law, see Exodus 18:13-27, John 1:17, and Matthew 19:7-9.
    Laws of Eshnunna[7] Eshnunna.jpg 1930 B.C. Iraq National Museum Ancient law similar to the Mosaic Law like the better-known Code of Hammurabi and Code of Ur-Nammu.
    Ark Tablet[8] ArkTablet.jpg 1900-1700 B.C. The ancient Babylonian tablet is virtually identical to the Biblical flood account in many respects. God commands a prophet to build a huge ark to avoid a massive flood, animals go in two by two, and the boat was reinforced with wooden ribs and covered in bitumen. While the atheistic translator Irving Finkel translated the ark's description as circular, he admits in his book that the decision to do so was based upon his knowledge of a separate ancient Babylonian geometry textbook dating to roughly the same period.[9]
    Execration Texts[10] Execration Texts 1878-1630 B.C. Inscribed Egyptian bowls and figurines with early mention of Biblical locations and names such as Jerusalem, Abraham, Canaan, Job, Shechem, Hazor, Tyre, etc.
    Lipit-Ishtar[11] Steele - Code of Lipit-Ishtar 1860 B.C. An early code with commandments similar to those in the Mosaic Law, disproving critics who claimed so complex a code could not have existed at the time.
    Shiphrah Slave List[12] An ancient Egyptian slave list which mentions the name of Shiphrah, a midwife who saved Moses. Portion of a Historical Text, ca. 1809-1743 B.C.E. Papyrus, ink, 35.1446a-e: 11 1/2 × 71 5/8 in. (29.2 × 182 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Theodora Wilbour, 35.1446a-e (Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 35.1446e_side1_PS1.jpg) 150px 1809-1743 B.C. Brooklyn Museum The name of a midwife who saved Moses in Exodus 1:15-21, Shiphrah, appears in this Egyptian slave list. While the list is several centuries too early to refer to the actual midwife who saved Moses, it does show that the name was in use in Egypt around the time Moses was born. The midwife who saved Moses may have even been descended from the woman named in this list.
    Code of Hammurabi[13] Code of Hammurabi 1790 B.C. The Louvre Ancient law with rules identical in numerous places to the Bible's Mosaic Law, silencing an early criticism by liberal scholars that a law as complex as the Mosaic could not have existed so early. The Bible's 'eye for an eye' is preserved, making this the oldest Biblical manuscript.
    Atra-Hasis Tablets[14] Atra-Hasis Tablets 1650 B.C. British Museum Ancient Babylonian account with detail similar to the Garden of Eden and Noahic Flood, part of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
    Hazor Excavations[15] Excavations of Hazor. Credit: The Selz Foundation Hazor Excavations in Memory of Yigael Yadin. 1500 B.C. Tel Hazor The excavations confirm Hazor to be the most prominent of the Canaanite settlements captured by the Israelites at the time, per Joshua 11:10. An intricate staircase discovered at the site is unique in its degree of exacting engineering. Additionally, shattered pottery vessels and other evidence attests to the destruction of the city in 732 B.C. mentioned in 2 Kings 15:29.
    Soleb Inscription[16] Soleb Temple Cartouche reading 'Shasu of Yahweh,' photo by 4 Jesus. 1400 B.C. The earliest reference to the Biblical God Yahweh, the inscription refers to the "land of the Shasu of Yahweh." It has been discovered in two Egyptian locations, the temple of Soleb built by Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1400 B.C.) and Amarah-West built by Rameses II (1250 B.C.), both of which are in modern-day Sudan. As such, this is a powerful evidence that the Israelites were in Canaan by 1400 B.C. in support of an early date for the Biblical Exodus.[17]
    Amarna Tablets[18] Amarna Tablets 1370-1350 B.C. British Museum, Vorderasiatisches Museum, Cairo Museum, et. al. Letters between Egyptian pharaohs and Canaanite kings mentioning the takeover of Canaan by the Habiru/Hebrews and disproving an early criticism of the Bible that the Canaanites were not as advanced as the Bible claimed.
    Ipuwer Papyrus[19] Papyrus van Ipoewer - Google Art Project 1275 B.C. Dutch National Museum of Antiquities Egyptian account mentioning the plagues of Egypt (e.g. rivers turning to blood, death of firstborn children, plagues of hail/fire/darkness, etc.) and the exodus of Jews from Egypt.
    Ugarit Cuneiform Tablets[20] Ugarit Juridical Tablet 1250 B.C. Institute for Antiquity and Christianity Ancient texts similar to the Bible suggesting Abraham did live in Canaan (Genesis 11:31) and verifying numerous Biblical details about ancient Canaan such as its prevalence of animal sacrifice.
    Merneptah Stele[21] Merneptah Israel Stele Cairo 1209 B.C. Cairo Museum Long regarded as the earliest recorded explicit mention of Israel, the stele mentions Egypt's attack on Israel as part of a campaign in Canaan, and appears related to the Amarna Tablets. When discovered it refuted the claim that Israel had not existed so early.
    Gath Excavations[22] Excavations of Gath, 2019. Credit: Prof. Aren Maeir, Tell es-Safi Archaeological Project, Bar-Ilan University. 1100 B.C. The new excavations debunk earlier Biblical minimalist claims by Finkelstein et. al. that assumed Philistine was a small group of villages[23], rather than the empire described in the Bible; establishing that a massive fortress with a complexity almost unparalleled for the time period existed in ancient Gath. Furthermore, the architecture was unusually massive, with walls over 13 feet thick in some areas, consistent with the Bible's claims that the Philistines included giants; although academics relating the findings interpret such massive architecture as evidence, not for the existence of giants, but as a basis for legends that they existed.
    Jerubbaal Inscription[24] Jerubbaal Inscription on pottery vessel. Credit: Prof. Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority. 1100 B.C. The pottery bears the name of Jerubbaal, better known in the Bible as Gideon, a judge of Israel referred to in Judges chapters 6-8.
    Tell es-Safi Potsherd[25] Tell es-Safi Potsherd, Gath Inscription 1075-925 B.C. Bar Ilan University Proved the name Goliath (1 Samuel 17:4-10) was used in Israel close to the time the Bible said Goliath existed, with the possible hometown of Goliath (Gath) now excavated at Tell Es-Safi.
    Timna Copper Mines[26] PikiWiki Israel 8691 tel gezer calendar 1050-850 B.C. An extensive copper mining network dating back to the time of King Solomon's reign established that a massive empire matching that described by the Bible existed at the time, contradicting the claims of Israel Finkelstein and Biblical minimalists who had for decades falsely insisted 11th-century Israel was nothing more than a few small villages.
    Ophel Inscription[27] The Ophel Inscription, photographed by the Israel Exploration Journal 1000-900 B.C. Discovered by Eilat Mazar at the palace of David, it contains the earliest undisputed use of the Hebrew alphabet in Jerusalem, as well as evidence that a Hebrew monarchy existed near the time of David and Solomon (Petrovich). It provides another powerful evidence against the criticism of Biblical minimalists that insinuate Israel was not the powerful kingdom under David and Solomon that the Bible claims.
    Bubastite Portal[28] Bubastite Portal, wall displaying names of cities conquered 945-924 B.C. Karnak, Egypt Verifies the campaign of Shishaq I against Israel described in 1 Kings 14:25-28 and 2 Chronicles 12:2-12, as well as Biblical cities such as Megiddo and Ajalon. The 'field of Abram' is mentioned as a location.
    Gezer Almanac[29] PikiWiki Israel 8691 tel gezer calendar 925 B.C. Istanbul Archaeological Museums Early example of Israelite writing, an agricultural calendar.
    Balaam Inscription[30] Baalam Inscription. Photo by the Armenian Covenant, Jerusalem. 880-770 B.C. The Balaam Inscription, also called the Deir 'Alla Inscription (for the name of the town where it was found), is an ancient inscription written in ink on a plaster wall referring to the name Balaam the son of Beor as described in Numbers 22-24.
    Amman Citadel Inscription[31] Amman Citadel Inscription. Photo by Joel S. Burnett, Biblical Archaeology Review. 875 B.C. Jordan Archaeological Museum The Amman Citadel Inscription verifies the existence of the Ammonites as mentioned in the Bible, namely a powerful early empire, including the existence of the idol they worshiped, Milcom. (1 Kings 11:5, 33; 2 Kings 23:13)
    Tel Dan Stele[32] Black-obelisk 870-750 B.C. Israel Museum Refers to an Aramean king's victory over Israel and the "House of David," thus disproving critics who had claimed King David was a literary invention. Many Biblical scholars believe the stele mentions the defeat of King Jehoram of Israel and King Ahaziah of Judah by Hazael of Damascus as mentioned in 2 Kings 8-9.
    Omride Palace[33] Northern views. The excavations at Samaria. Ruins of Omri's Palace LOC matpc.22584 858-824 B.C. Israel National Parks Authority In the early 1900s, King Omri's ivory palace located in Samaria (also inhabited by King Ahab and later kings) was excavated by Harvard University. Also discovered at the site were dozens of oastraca (pottery fragments) with ancient Hebrew script bearing many Biblical names including those of the prophets Elisha and Nathan. A total of 102 Samaria Oastraca were found.
    Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III[34] Black-obelisk 858-824 B.C. British Museum Contains the earliest undisputed image of an Israelite, Omri, son of Jehu, a king of Israel. (1 Kings 16:16-28)
    Kurkh Stele[35][36] Stele of Shalmaneser III, one of the Kurkh Monoliths 852 B.C. British Museum An early reference to the nation of Israel and King Ahab, as well as mention of his army (2,000 chariots 10,000 foot soldiers), which contradicts the claims of Biblical minimalists/critics who assert Israel had no such fighting force at the time. The Shalmaneser lineage is mentioned as rulers of Assyria in 2 Kings 17:3 and 18:9.
    Mesha Stele[37] Mesha Stele 840 B.C. Louvre Museum Moabite monument mentioning Yahweh, Israel and its king, Omri, David, and the kingdom of Judah. When discovered it dealt a serious blow to the claims of critics who'd said David had not existed.[38]
    Tell al-Rimah Stele[35][39] Tell al-Rimah Stele of Adad-Nirari III 811-783 B.C. Mentions King Jehoash of Israel paying tribute to Assyria. (2 Kings 12:18)
    Zakkur Stele[40] Zakkur Stele 805-775 B.C. Louvre Museum The stone stele refers to the son of King Hazael, either Ben-Hadad II or III, who are both mentioned in the books of 1st and 2nd Kings. It mentions Zakkur's annexation of Hadrach (Zechariah 9:1) and provides the earliest reference to Baal.
    Ataroth Altar Inscriptions[41] Ataroth Altar in Ataroth, Jordan. 800 B.C. Ataroth, Jordan The two inscriptions confirm the Moabite Rebellion against Israel mentioned in 2 Kings 3:4-5, while also establishing for the first time that there was a distinctive Moabite script written by Moabite scribes.
    Nathan-Melech Seal[42] The seal of Nathan-Melech. (Eliyahu Yanai, City of David) 775 B.C. The seal of an official in King Josiah's court, Nathan-Melech, has been discovered. Nathan-Melech is named in 2 Kings 23:11 as one of King Josiah's officials. According to the Times of Israel, "The multi-room large structure bears clear signs of destruction in the sixth century BCE, which likely corresponds to the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE, according to the IAA press release. The destruction is evident through large stone debris, burnt wooden beams and numerous charred pottery shards, 'all indications that they had survived an immense fire.'”
    Amos Earthquake[43] Tool remnants found in Jerusalem's City of David within a layer of destruction from the 8th century B.C., coinciding with the Biblical earthquake of Amos and Zechariah. The tools were likely shattered during the quake. (Eliyahu Yanai/ City of David). 775 B.C. Archaeologists were able to identify a layer of destruction perfectly matching that of the earthquake mentioned in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5. The evidence was found across multiple locations dating to the time period establishing an earthquake event that shattered tools and pottery and damaged infrastructure.
    Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Inscription[44] Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Inscription. Photo by Dr. Ze’ev Meshel and Avraham Hai/Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. See www.BiblicalArchaeology.org for more detail. 750 B.C. Tel Aviv University Verifies the name Yahweh as well as Israelite idolatry to Asherah as mentioned in Judges 6:25-30.
    Hezekiah Era Clay Bullae[45] Clay bullae featuring the seal of King Hezekiah Photo by Ouria Tadmor/Eilat Mazar.. 750 B.C. Clay bullae with the names of King Hezekiah and Isaiah the prophet have been found within a few feet of one another at a Jerusalem excavation. Over 100 clay bullae were found at the site, demonstrating a large and complex government bureaucracy in Judea at the time.
    Nimrud Tablet[46] Nimrud Tablet 733 B.C. British Museum One of the earliest references to the Kingdom of Judah, it mentions Ahaz as the ruler of Judah being forced to pay tribute to Syria's Tiglath-Pileser. It also mentions Hoshea being selected by Syria as his replacement per 2 Kings 17-18.
    Nimrud Prism[47] Nimrud Prism photograph, authorized by the British Museum 720 B.C. British Museum Mentions the deportation of Israelites to Babylon captured from Samaria by King Sargon II, the Babylonian Exodus. It also confirms the specific location of Assyria that Israelites were deported to, Halah in Assyria.[48]
    Pool of Siloam[49] The excavated Pool of Siloam. Photo by Todd Bolen of BiblePlaces.com. 701 B.C. Archaeological Museum of Istanbul The Pool of Siloam was originally built by King Hezekiah in the 8th century B.C. but is best-known for its role in the Gospels as the place where Jesus healed the blind man.
    Siloam Inscription[50] Shiloach Inscription 701 B.C. Archaeological Museum of Istanbul Verifies the existence of Hezekiah's tunnel mentioned in 2 Kings 20:20 and 2 Chronicles 32:30. It was found in 1880 and is one of the oldest Hebrew inscriptions yet discovered.
    Azekah Inscription K6205 Rawlinson and Smith Azekah Inscription 700 B.C. British Museum Further verification of the campaign by Sennacherib against King Hezekiah of Judah, including mention of the conquest of Azekah.[51]
    Lachish Relief[52] British Museum Lachish Relief 700-681 B.C. British Museum Drawings of Assyria's King Sennacherib defeating King Hezekiah of Judah and capturing numerous cities, discovered in his palace at Nineveh. Provides a visual recording of the Biblical account mentioned in 2 Chronicles 32, 2 Kings 18-19, and Isaiah 36-37. Lachish has also been excavated, providing additional evidence of the siege.[53]
    Shebna Inscription[54] Shebna Inscription 700-600 B.C. British Museum. The Shebna Inscription is from the tomb of the royal steward, Shebna, and verifies the account in Isaiah 22:15-16 of a royal steward who was reprimanded for constructing himself an overly ornate tomb.
    Bethlehem Seal[55] The Bethlehem Seal. Photo credit: Associated Press. 700 B.C. The Bethlehem Seal reveals that the Biblical Bethlehem where Jesus was likely born is not the Bethlehem known today, and existed as far back as the 8th century B.C. As new excavations occur, evidence for Jesus' life is likely to increase, as archaeologists were not looking in the actual city where Jesus was born.
    Sennacherib's Annals[56] British Museum Flood Tablet 690 B.C. British Museum, Oriental Institute of Chicago, Israel Museum Also known as the Taylor Prism, the annals were discovered in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. They describe Assyria's King Sennacherib defeating King Hezekiah of Judah and provide evidence for the Biblical account (Chronicles, Kings, Isaiah) as well as some verification of the Angel of the Lord's destruction of Sennacherib's army per Isaiah 37:33-38.[57]
    Treaty of Esarhaddon with Baal of Tyre[58] The Treaty of Esarhaddon with Baal of Tyre as transcribed by Hugo Winkler in 1898. 675 B.C. British Museum The Treaty confirms the existence of King Esarhaddon, who is mentioned three times in the Bible. (2 Kings 19:37; Ezra 4:2; Isaiah 37:38)
    Flood Tablet[59] British Museum Flood Tablet 650 B.C. British Museum Ancient Babylonian account with detail similar to the Noahic Flood, part of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
    Ekron Inscription[60] British Museum Flood Tablet 650 B.C. Israel Museum The Ekron Inscription verifies the existence of Ekron, a Philistine city mentioned in Joshua 13:3 and 1 Samuel 6:17.
    Pim Weight[61] Pim-weight photo-top 607 B.C. Scholars did not know how to translate the word 'pim' used in 1 Samuel 13:21, used to refer to a weight-based price for sharpening in ancient Israel/Judah, until pim weights were discovered from the archaeological record. The shekel system which used pim weights stopped being used after the fall of the kingdom of Judah in 607 B.C. The existence of pim weights as referenced in the book of Samuel is a strong evidence that the book of Samuel is of early origin, in contrast to the claims of Biblical minimalists/critics who attempt to assert it was written much later.
    Zedekiah Era Clay Bullae[62] Clay bullae (royal seal impressions) bearing the names of King Zedekiah's ministers Jehucal and Gedaliah who are mentioned in the Bible as having had the prophet Jeremiah imprisoned. 597-587 B.C. Herbert W. Armstrong College Discovered at King David's Palace underneath Nehemiah's Northern Tower by Eilat Mazar in 2015, the clay bullae bear royal seal impressions with the names of King Zedekiah's royal ministers, Jehucal the son of Shelemiah, and Gedaliah, notable for their role in having the prophet Jeremiah thrown into a pit because of his public preaching of a need for repentance.
    Jehoiachin's Rations Tablet[63] Jehoiachin's Rations Tablet. 595-575 B.C. Pergamon Museum The Babylonian Tablet verifies the Biblical accounts of 2 Kings 24:10–17 and Jeremiah 52:31–34 which describe King Jeconiah and his sons being imprisoned. The tablet details what rations were given to the king and his sons.
    Lachish Letters[64] Lachish III obv 588 B.C. British Museum Letters between military officers Joash and Hoshaiah before Lachish fell to the Babylonian army during the rule of Zedekiah, King of Judah. The Old Testament name for God, YHWH, is repeatedly used, and the letters verify the Bible's account of the Babylonian attack (Jer. 34:7). Elnathan of Jer. 26:22 is also mentioned.
    Khirbet Beit Lei Inscription[65] Khirbet Beit Lei Inscription 587 B.C. Israel Museum Ancient Hebrew text mentioning Yahweh and Jerusalem has been found at the archaeological site of Khirbet Beit Lei.
    Nebo Sarsekim Tablet[66] Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet. See Nebo-Sarsekim Found in Babylonian Tablet by the Associates for Biblical Research for a higher resolution image. 587 B.C. British Museum The Babylonian Tablet verifies the Biblical account of one of Nebuchadnezzar's chief officers, Nebo-Sarsekim, as described in Jeremiah 39:2-3.
    Zion Jewelry[67] Gold and silver jewelry found on Mount Zion dating to 586 B.C. Credit: Mt Zion Archaeological Expedition/Virginia Withers 586 B.C. The gold and silver jewelry discovered on Mount Zion confirms the siege of Jerusalem by Babylon described in Daniel 11:1-2, while establishing that Israel was the massive, complex empire the Bible describes, rather than a few hilltop villages as falsely claimed by Biblical minimalists such as Israel Finkelstein.[23]
    Nabonidus Cylinder[68] Nabonidus Cylinder 555-540 B.C. British Museum and Pergamon Museum Clay cylinders of King Nabonidus of Babylon that mention Belshazzar and other details similar to the book of Daniel. The cylinders disprove the claims of critics who'd denied Belshazzar's historicity or that he was the child of Nabonidus and reveal the Nabonidus shared coregency with his son Belshazzar, thus explaining why Daniel could be appointed "third ruler of the kingdom." (Daniel 5:16)[69]
    Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle[70] Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle 555-540 B.C. British Museum The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle briefly addresses Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Judah and how he imprisoned King Jeconiah, replacing him instead with King Zedekiah. The tablet continues a history of Nebuchadnezzar from another Babylonian Chronicle Tablet, the Late Years of Nabopolassar, which details Nebuchadnezzar's early life as crown prince before he became the ruler of Babylon.
    Cyrus Cylinder[71] Cyrus Cylinder 539-530 B.C. British Museum Clay cylinder by King Cyrus the Great verifying the return of exiled people from Babylon, such as the Jews after the Babylonian captivity, to their respective lands, and supporting the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple. (e.g. Ezra 1:1) The cylinders are considered the world's first charter of human rights and are considered one of the most important artifacts in history.[72] They may also provide evidence of King Cyrus praising the God of the Bible as mentioned in 2 Chronicles 36:22-23.[73]
    Nabonidus Chronicle[74] Nabonidus Chronicle 250-150 B.C. British Museum The Nabonidus Chronicle provides a detailed account of the fall of Babylon and its takeover by King Cyrus as described in the book of Daniel. Belshazzar is also mentioned.
    Temple Warning Inscription[75] Jerusalem Temple Warning Inscription. Photo credit: Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 23 B.C.-70 A.D. Israel Museum The inscription by King Herod reveals that the ancient Temple at Jerusalem allowed Gentiles (non-Jews) to visit the Temple at the time, so long as they did not enter the inner sanctum, the Temple Mount, under penalty of death, due to its sanctity.
    King Herod Wine Jug[76] King Herod Wine Jug, photographer Randall Price 19 B.C. While excavating King Herod's palace (Fortress Masada) archaeologists in 1996 discovered a wine jug bearing Herod's full title, Herod King of Judea. Herod's mausoleum, a royal theater box,[77] and coins bearing his image[78] have since been discovered as well.
    Jerusalem Inscription[79] The Jerusalem Inscription. Photography credit: Danit Levy, Israel Antiquities Authority. 0 B.C. Israel Museum A 2,000 year-old stone inscription with the full name 'Jerusalem' spelled the same as it is today was discovered in Israel.
    Lapis Tiburtinus Inscription[80] The Lapis Tiburtinus inscription. Photography credit: Nikos Kokkinos. 15 A.D. The Lapis Tiburtinus inscription provides evidence for a Roman consul having two separate governorships, one near the time of Jesus' birth. It has long been questioned how Quirinius could have been Governor of Syria as Luke 2:2 states, since he is not listed in Roman records as being Governor until 6 A.D., 9 years after the death of Herod the Great, who had attempted to kill Jesus when Jesus was born by massacring all infants in Bethlehem. (Matthew 2:16) However, the Propraetorial Imperial Legate of Roman Syria is not listed in Roman records during the time of Jesus' birth (4-1 B.C.), a glaring omission given that all other Roman rulers for the next 400 years are known. The Lapis Tiburtinus inscription is missing the name of the Roman Governor involved, but perfectly fits with Quirinius having a second, earlier Governorship, thus removing all claims of a contradiction from the Bible.
    Pilate Inscription[81][82] Pilate Stone 26-37 A.D. Israel Museum Contains the name Pontius Pilate, verifying his existence after minimalists claimed the Bible invented him.[83] Pilate's name has since been discovered inscribed on Roman coins as well.[84]
    Caiaphas Ossuary[85][82] Caiaphas Ossuary 36-50 A.D. Israel Museum Burial chamber of Caiaphas, the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus as mentioned in Matthew 26:3, John 18:13-28, and Acts 4:6. Its discovery was a major blow to Biblical critics who claimed the Gospel's accounts of Jesus were mythical. A separate ossuary of Caiaphas' daughter Miriam was authenticated in 2011.[86]
    Huqoq Mosaics[87] Huqoq Inscription and face 450 A.D. Biblical mosaics discovered in Israel's ancient city of Huqoq (located in the Galileean region) show numerous Biblical stories, including Samson, Noah's Ark, Jonah being swallowed, the parting of the Red Sea, building of the tower of Babel, and spies sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. In the words of FOX News' James Rogers, "Experts say that the wealth of mosaics show that Jewish life in the surrounding village flourished during Christian rule in the fifth century A.D. This challenges a widely held view that Jewish settlement in the area declined during that period."
    Ophel Treasure[88]

    [45]

    		The Ophel Treasure, a gold medallion engraved with a menorah and Torah scroll. Photo by Ouria Tadmor/Eilat Mazar. See King Hezekiah in the Bible: Royal Seal of Hezekiah Comes to Light for a larger resolution image. 613 A.D. Israel Museum The prize find of the Ophel excavations by Eilat Mazar was a gold medallion engraved with Jewish holy symbols, a menorah (candlestick) and Torah scroll. The treasure dates to the 7th century A.D. and shows that practicing Jews were in Israel 1,400 years ago.


    Evidence for the Exodus

    1. The earliest mention of the Biblical God, Yahweh, has been discovered from two Egyptian descriptions, with the oldest, the Soleb Inscription, dating to 1400 B.C. In mentioning a list of lands campaigned against by Egypt, the Soleb Inscription refers to the "land of the Shasu of Yahweh" so it is clear Israel had become a nation by that time. This provides strong evidence that the Israelite Exodus had completed by 1400 B.C.[17] The Merneptah Stele (1209 B.C.) provides additional early corroboration for an early establishment of the nation of Israel.
    2. The Shiphrah Slave List (1809-1743 B.C.) preserves the name of Moses' midwife, showing that it was in use among Egyptian slaves before Moses was born.[12]
    3. The Amarna Tablets record the Israelite takeover of Canaan. Letters such as those by Abdu-Heba and Rib-Addi show Canaanite kings pleading with Egypt to send them military aid to stop the Israelites from conquering the land.[89] Dating to the 14th century B.C., they provide strong evidence for an early date to the Exodus.
    4. The Ipuwer Papyrus provides evidence of the Biblical plagues.[90]
    5. The distinctive 4-room Israelite house has been discovered in Tell el-Daba, Egypt dating back to 1175 A.D.[91] What is more, found among these distinctive Israelite houses was one which may have been Joseph's containing a tomb that very unusually had the skeleton removed consistent with Exodus 13:19 and Genesis 50:25.[92] A 3rd century B.C. Egyptian historian named Manetho wrote that the Hyksos founded their capital at Avaris, also known as Tell el-Daba, where the Israelite houses were found. As noted by Noah Wiener of the Biblical Archaeological Society, "After the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt, Manetho reports that they wandered the desert before establishing the city of Jerusalem... The Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut (1489–1469 B.C.E.) recorded the banishment of a group of Asiatics from Avaris, the former Hyksos capital."[93]

    Where Are the Graves?

    See also Route of the Exodus

    Those claiming the Exodus lacks graves evidencing the Exodus are not finding the graves because they are looking on the wrong peninsula, the Sinai Peninsula. The Exodus occurred across Saudi Arabia/the Arabian Peninsula, which does have thousands, possibly millions, of ancient graves supporting the Biblical Exodus.[95] There are also hundreds of massive and mysterious stone structures in the Saudi Desert, which cannot be properly investigated due to restrictions by the Saudi government. In October 2017 an archaeologist, David Kennedy, was finally invited to photograph them from a helicopter for the first time, previously they could only be viewed from satellite photos.[96]

    For the location of the Biblical Mount Sinai, see Jebel al-Madhbah. The Bible makes plain that Mount Sinai is in Seir, also known as Edom (located in modern-day Jordan and parts of Israel). (Deuteronomy 33:2, Judges 5:4-5) Edom is well-established from archeology as being in Jordan, so had archaeologists just taken the Bible at face value instead of assuming a Red Sea crossing to be impossible because of their disbelief in the supernatural, they would have recognized from the beginning that the Exodus occurred on the Arabian Peninsula, not the Sinai Peninsula, given that the Bible plainly says Mount Sinai/Seir is in Edom.

    As an interesting note, Edom or Esau literally means "red" and Jebel al-Madhbah is in Petra, a city that is one of the 7 wonders of the world, renowned for its blood-red stone and architecture. The Apostle Paul said that Mount Sinai is in Arabia. (Galatians 4:25) Ancient Egyptian lists show that the Egyptians at the time of Moses controlled the Sinai Peninsula, so Moses could not have undergone the Exodus after leaving Egypt on the Sinai Peninsula, for he would have still been in Egypt! Per the Amarna Letters, the Egyptians had conquered even parts of Canaan at the time. As difficult as Biblical minimalists may find it, the Bible was entirely accurate in saying Moses and the Israelites crossed the Red Sea, not the Reed Sea--which would indeed have required divine intervention, not a naturalistic tidal explanation.

    Conclusion:An Arabian Peninsula Exodus

    The Exodus clearly occurred on the Arabian Peninsula, not the Sinai Peninsula for the following reasons:

    1. The Bible plainly states that Mount Sinai, central to the Exodus route, was also known as Mount Seir, and in Edom. Edom is in Jordan on the Arabian Peninsula. (Deuteronomy 33:2, Judges 5:4-5)
    2. It is now known from ancient military annals like the Military Annals of Pharaoh Thutmose III and the Moabite Stone that the Sinai Peninsula was inhabited by the Egyptians at the time of the Exodus. Indeed the Egyptians ruled all the way up to Canaan (modern-day Israel) itself, per the Amarna Letters. If the Exodus had occurred on the Sinai Peninsula then the Israelites would have never even left Egypt.
    3. Numerous locations along the Route of the Exodus were in or near modern-day Jordan on the Arabian Peninsula, not the Sinai Peninsula. Examples include Edrei/Daraa, Bamoth-Baal, Hebron, Rehob, and Medeba.
    4. There is no evidence of ancient graves for millions of Israelites in the Sinai Peninsula, where archaeologists have been futilely, incorrectly searching for the last century. There are thousands of ancient graves and landmarks in the Arabian Desert.

    When Was the Exodus?

    See also Bible Chronology

    A strict, Biblically-based dating of the Exodus results in a date for the Exodus of roughly 1489 B.C. James Ussher arrived at a similar date of 1491 B.C.

    Evidence for David and Solomon

    Another favorite attack of atheists in recent years is the claim that David and Solomon were not historical figures, and that ancient Israel at the time was merely a collection of small villages, not the vast empire mentioned in the Bible.

    David

    1. The credibility of critics asserting David was ahistorical was dealt a serious blow when the Mesha Stele and Tel Dan Stele were discovered, as both provide early reference to David.
    2. King David's Palace was discovered by Eilat Mazar using the Biblical account in 2 Samuel 5:17; archaeologically it is commonly called the Large Stone Structure. Clay bullae, royal seals for officials mentioned in the book of Jeremiah, were discovered at the site, and luxury goods were carbon dated as old as the 11th century B.C. matching the reigns of David and Solomon.
    3. Early evidence for Goliath can be seen from the Tell es-Safi Potsherd, and excavations at Gath show unusually massive architecture consistent with Biblical descriptions of giants.

    Solomon

    The Solomonic Gates at Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, and Tel Gezer have been excavated with dates of construction perfectly matching Solomon's reign, which I determined to be approximately from 1012-973 B.C. The construction of the Gates by Solomon is mentioned in 1 Ki. 9:15 and the association of the Gates with the Biblical account was pointed out by Yigael Yadin. Critics have attempted to cast doubt on the Gates' construction by Solomon by arguing they were constructed too early, but this is because Solomon's reign is commonly misdated too early by several decades due to scholars not taking the Biblical genealogies at face value.

    Size of Israel

    1. The Timna Copper Mines provide evidence for a massive monarchy during the time of Solomon in contrast to the assertions of Biblical minimalists like Israel Finkelstein.
    2. The Merneptah Stele provides evidence Israel was sizable enough to merit military confrontation with Egypt in the 13th century B.C.
    3. The Mesha Stele shows Israel had a massive fighting force in the 9th century B.C. (2,000 chariots, 10,000 horsemen) inconsistent with minimalist claims.
    4. The Amarna Letters show the invading Habiru (Hebrews) were defeating the Canaanites en masse, as the Canaanite begged their Egyptian overlords for reinforcements.
    5. The Tower of Jericho at Tel es-Sultan remains standing as one of humanity's oldest stone monuments, with destroyed walls dating to 1400 B.C. perfectly matching the Biblical account.
    6. The Soleb Inscription provides evidence that Israel was already the land of Yahweh under the Israelites by 1400 B.C. and was acknowledged as such by other nations. Biblical minimalists have attempted to explain this away by suggesting Yahweh was a Canaanite deity and not just Israelite.


    Excavations and Sites

    Tell Dan

    The ancient city of Israel contains the world's oldest known gated archway and is known today as Tell el-Qadi. An inscription found on site reads "To the God who is in Dan, Zoilos made a vow." Identified in 1838, the best-known excavations began in 1966, continuing to the present day. The Tell Dan Stele was discovered here, along with an elaborate gate, a pottery shard with the name Zechariah on it, and a series of huge defensive ramparts. Settlement appears to have begun as early as 4500 B.C.[97]

    Large Stone Structure

    The probable location of King David's palace and the nearby site known as Millo (City of David) are currently being excavated after their discovery in 2005 which seriously damaged the claims of Bible minimalist Israel Finkelstein who had claimed Israel at the time was little more than a "typical hill-country village."[98] Archaeologist Eilat Mazar found the site through careful analysis of the Biblical account. It contains earthen pottery dating from the 12th-11th centuries B.C. and some clay bullae (seal impressions) with the names Jehuchal ben Shelemyahu [Shelemiah] and Gedalyahu [Gedaliah] ben Pashur, the names of King Zedekiah's royal ministers (597-587 B.C.) as mentioned in Jeremiah 37:3 and 38:1. The bullae are currently on display at Herbert W. Armstrong College.[99]

    Biblical minimalists such as Israel Finkelstein and Ronny Reich have sought to downplay and disparage Mazar's discovery despite the dating of pottery, carved ivory utensils, pavement, and the nearby Stepped Stone Structure (a 60-foot tall terrace leading to the palace) to the time of David in the 12th-10th centuries B.C.[101] The area contains massive boulders and the palace walls are 16 feet thick. The burnt clay bullae, arrowheads, and large amounts of ashes support the burning of the city by fire around 586 B.C. consistent with the Babylonian invasion mentioned in the Bible. An ancient escape tunnel and what may be Nehemiah's Wall have also been discovered at the site.[102]

    In 2013 a piece of pottery with a mysterious inscription discovered by Mazar, known as the Ophel Inscription, was deciphered, revealing it to be the earliest undisputed use of the Hebrew alphabet in Jerusalem. It is dated to around 950 B.C.[27][103]

    External Sources

    References

    1. ↑ Mykytiuk, Lawrence (2014, March 3). 50 People in the Bible Confirmed Archaeologically. Biblical Archaeology Society.
    2. ↑ ILH Staff (2021, October 4). "Archaeologists Claim to Have Found True Location of Noah's Ark." Israel Hayom.
    3. ↑ Knox, P. (2021, September 24). "Raiders of the Lost Ark: Noah’s Ark Hunters Claim They’ve Found Boat in Turkish Mountains as 3D Scans Detect ‘Shape Matching Bible Description.’" U.S. Sun.
    4. ↑ Wood, Bryant G. (2008, May 1). "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho? A New Look At The Archaeological Evidence." Associates for Biblical Research.
      Permanent Delegation of Palestine to UNESCO (2012, April 2). "Ancient Jericho: Tell es-Sultan." United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations.
    5. ↑ Wilson, Clifford (1977). EBLA: Its Impact on Biblical Records. Institute for Creation Research.
      Holden, Joseph M. & Geisler, Norman (2013). The Popular Handbook of Archaeology and the Bible. p. 86. Harvest House Publishers.
      Wieland, Carl. Archaeologist Confirms Creation and the Bible. Creation Ministries International.
      Sala, Harold J. (2008). Why You Can Have Confidence in the Bible: Bridging the Distance Between Your Heart and God's Word. pp. 125-127. Harvest House Publishers.
      Elwell, Walter A. & Comfort, Philip W. (2001). Tyndale Bible Dictionary. p. 397. Tyndale House Publishers.
      David Noel Freedman, "The Ebla Tablets and the Abraham Tradition," in Reflections on Mormonism: Judaeo-Christian Parallels, ed. Truman G. Madsen (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1978), 67–78.
      Milano, Luciano. Ebla Digital Archives. Ca' Foscari University of Venice.
    6. ↑ 8. Law. The Schoyen Collection.
      Andrews, Evan (2013, December 17). 8 Things You May Not Know About Hammurabi’s Code. The History Channel.
    7. ↑ Eshnunna. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
      Law Code of Eshunna. Iraq National Museum. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.
      Yaron, Reuven (1988). The Laws of Eshnunna. The Magnes Press. The Hebrew University.
    8. ↑ Wiener, Noah (2018, June 18). "The Animals Went in Two by Two, According to Babylonian Ark Tablet." Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Chaffey, Tim (2014, January 14). "Does a 'Recently Deciphered 4,000-Year-Old Tablet' Discredit the Genesis Account of Noah's Ark?]" Answers in Genesis.
    9. ↑ Finkel, Irving (2014). "The Ark Before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood." Notes to Chapter 7: The Question of Shape-7. Doubleday.
    10. ↑ Sailhamer, John H. (1998). Biblical Archaeology. p. 45. Zondervan.
      Tenney, Merrill C. (2010). The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible. p. 144. Zondervan.
      Laughlin, John C.H. (2000). Archaeology and the Bible. p. 60. Routledge.
    11. ↑ Duhaime, Lloyd (2012, January 2). "1860 B.C.: The Code of Lipit-Ishtar." Duhaime.org.
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Portion of a Historical Text." Brooklyn Museum.
    13. ↑ Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi . American Historical Association.
      Rummell, S. The Hammurabi Stele. Texas Wesleyan University.
      Claire, Iselin. Law Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon. Louvre Museum.
    14. ↑ Cuneiform tablet with the Atrahasis Epic. British Museum.
      The Epic of Gilgamesh. AncientTexts.org.
      Livingston, Dave. Who Was Nimrod? www.DaveLivingston.com.
    15. ↑ Borschel-Dan, A. (2019, July 24). "Large 3,500-Year-Old Staircase Hints at Conquered Canaanite Kingdom's Grandeur." Times of Israel.
    16. ↑ Greenspahn, Frederick E. (2008). The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. pp. 31-33. New York University Press.
      Livingston, David (2003). Israel's Origins. DaveLivingston.com.
      Down, Kendall K. (2011). The Shasu of Yahweh. Digging Up the Past.
      Alexander, T. Desmond, & Baker, David V. (2003, January 13). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. p. 363. InterVarsity Press. ISBN: 0-8308-1781-6.
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Aling, Charles, & Billington, Clyde (2010, March 8). The Name Yahweh in Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts. Associates for Biblical Research.
      Argubright, John (2013). Bible Believer's Archaeology, Volume 3: Behold the Man! p. 108. BibleHistory.net. ISBN: 978-09792148-2-0.
    18. ↑ Byers, Gary (2009, November 20). Tyre and the Tell El-Amarna Tablets. Associates for Biblical Research.
      Letter from Tushratta to Amenhotep III. British Museum.
      Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'Tell El-Amarna; Tablets.'" "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.
      (2011, October 11). German Museum Puts Amarna Letters Online. Biblical Archaeology Review.
    19. ↑ McKinney, Kevin (2012, September 22). Ipuwer Papyrus - Does It Provide Proof of the Plagues?
      Ipuwer Papyrus. Christian Evidences Ministries.
      Becher, M. The Ten Plagues - Live From Egypt. Ohr Somayach Tanenbaum College.
      Gardiner, Alan H. (1909). The Admonitions of an Eygptian Sage.
    20. ↑ Ugarit and the Bible. Quartz Hill School of Theology.
      MRZH: An Ancient Canaanite Tablet from Ugarit. West Semitic Research Project. University of South Carolina.
      Pardee, Dennis (2002). Ugarit Ritual Texts. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
      Hess, Richard S. (2002). Religious Texts from Ugarit: The Words of Ilimilku and His Colleagues. Denver Seminary.
      Languages: Ugaritic. Institute for Biblical and Scientific Studies.
    21. ↑ Wood, Bryant G. (1995). What has archaeology taught us about the origins of Israel? Associates for Biblical Research.
      Byers, Gary (2006, March 15). Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Merenptah Stele. Associates for Biblical Research.
      Merneptah Stele. AllAboutArchaeology.org.
      Egypt: Merenptah's Victory Stele. Tour Egypt.
    22. ↑ Borschel-Dan, A. (2019, July 26). "Colossal Ancient Structures Found At Gath May Explain Origin of Story of Goliath." Times of Israel.
      David, A. (2019, July 24). "Goliath’s True Hometown Found? Lost 3,000-year-old Philistine City Emerges Beneath Gath." Haaretz.
    23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Finkelstein, I. (1996). "The Philistine Countryside." In Israel Exploration Journal 46(3/4): 225-242. JSTOR.
      Jarus, A. (2016, July 16). "Who Were the Philistines?" LiveScience.
    24. ↑ Tercatin, R. (2021, July 13). "3,000 Year-Old Inscription Bearing Name of Biblical Judge Found in Israel." Jerusalem Post.
    25. ↑ Maeir, Aren M., Fantalkin, Alexander, & Zukerman, Alexander. The Earliest Greek Import in the Iron Age Levant: New Evidence from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. doi: 10.2143/AWE.8.0.2045838.
      Fisher-Ilan, Allyn (2005, November 13). Goliath's Name Found in Archaeological Dig. Reuters.
      Maeir, Aren M. & Ehrlich, Carl S. (2001, November/December). Excavating Philistine Gath: Have We Found Goliath's Hometown? Biblical Archaeological Society.
      Lipsom, Joshua (2013, July 17). Gath Goes Beyond Goliath. The Jerusalem Post.
    26. ↑ Donahue, M.Z. (2017, April 2). "Found: Fresh Clues to Mystery of King Solomon's Mines." National Geographic.
      Kalman, A. (2013, September 8). "Timna Copper Mines Dated to King Solomon Era." Times of Israel.
      Chudnow, D. (2020, January 24) "King Solomon's Mines Found." Jerusalem Post.
    27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Petrovich, Douglas (2013, August 12). New Find: Jerusalem's Oldest Hebrew Inscription. Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Bogursky, Sasha (2013, July 31). 3,000-Year-Old Text May Reveal Biblical History. FOX News and Discovery Channel.
      Mazar, Eilat, Ben-Shlomo, David, & and Ahituv, Shmuel (2013). An Inscribed Pithos from the Ophel, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 63(1).
      Petrovich, Douglas (2013, August 17). Ophel Inscription: Oldest Hebrew Writing in Jerusalem Corroborates Biblical History. Creation Ministries International.
      Boyle, Alan (2013, July 10). Inscription Dates Back to King David - But What Does It Say? NBC News.
      Ngo, Robin (2014, May 9). Precursor to Paleo-Hebrew Script Discovered in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Society.
    28. ↑ Kaiser Jr., Walter C., & Garrett, Duane (2005). NIV Archaeological Study Bible: An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History. pp. 238-239. Zondervan.
      Bubastite Portal. University of California.
      Did Pharaoh Sheshonq Attack Jerusalem? Biblical Archaeology Society.
    29. ↑ Hanson, K.C. (n.d.) "Gezer Almanac." KCHanson.org.
      Hebrew Alphabet. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
      Geva, Hillel. Gezer. Jewish Virtual Library.
      Hillel, Daniel (2006). The Natural History of the Bible. p. 144. Columbia University Press.
    30. ↑ Lipinski, Edward (1994). "Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics, Volume 2. pp. 104-114. Peeters Publishers and Department of Oriental Studies.
      "Deir-Alla Inscription, 750–700 BCE." Center for Online Judaic Studies.
    31. ↑ Reinsch, W. (2019, August 6). "Amman Citadel Inscription Supports Biblical History." Watch Jerusalem.
      Hanson, K.C. (2019). "The Amman Citadel Inscription." KCHanson.com
    32. ↑ Wood, Bryant G. (2011, May 4). The Tel Dan Stela and the Kings of Aram and Israel. Associates for Biblical Archaeology.
      Biblical Archaeology Society Staff (2013, October 22). The Tel Dan Inscription: The First Historical Evidence of King David from the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Block, Daniel I. (2008). Israel: Ancient Kingdom or Late Invention? pg. 73. B&H Publishing Group.
      A House Divided: Davies and Maeir on the Tel Dan Stela (2013, January/February). BAR 39:01.
    33. ↑ Reisner, George (1910). "Expeditions & Discoveries: Harvard Expedition to Samaria, 1908–1910." Harvard University.
    34. ↑ The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. British Museum.
      Hanson, K.C. Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. KCHanson.com.
      Panel from the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Museum of Antiquities. University of Saskatchewan.
      Butterfeld, Bruce J. (1996). Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Marquette University.
      McClister, David (2001, January 4). The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Truth Magazine.
    35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Wood, Bryant G. (2012, May 22). Israelite Kings in Assyrian Inscriptions. Associates for Biblical Research.
    36. ↑ The Kurkh Stela. British Museum.
      Douglas, J.D., & Tenney, Merrill C. (2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. p. 56. Zondervan.
    37. ↑ Hanson, K.C. Mesha Stele.
      Caubet, Annie. The Mesha Stele. Louvre Museum.
      Wood, Bryant G. (1996). What does the Moabite Stone reveal about the Biblical revolt of Mesha? Associates for Biblical Research.
      (2011, July 15). The Importance of Bible Artifacts Found Outside the Trench: The Moabite Stone. Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Oded, Bustany (2008). Mesha Stele. Encyclopedia Judaica.
    38. ↑ The Moabite Stone. Bible History Online.
    39. ↑ Shea, William H. (1979, September). Biblical Archaeology. Ministry Magazine.
      Argubright, John (2013). Bible Believer's Archaeology, Vol. 3. p. 56. ISBN: 978-0-9792148-2-0.
    40. ↑ Noegel, Scott B. (2006). "The Zakkur Inscription." London:Blackwell.
    41. ↑ Jarus, O. (2019, August 22). "Biblical War Revealed on 2,800-Year-Old Stone Altar." LiveScience.
    42. ↑ Weiss, B. (2019, March 30). "The Story Behind a 2,600-Year-Old Seal." New York Times.
      Borschel-Dan, A. (2019, March 31). "Tiny First Temple Find Could be First Proof of Aide to Biblical King Josiah." Times of Israel.
    43. ↑ Borschel-Dan, A. (2021, August 4). "Archaeologists Unearth 1st Jerusalem Evidence of Quake from Bible's Book of Amos." Times of Israel.
    44. ↑ (2014, August 15). Puzzling Finds from Kuntillet ‘Ajrud. Biblical Archaeology Society.
    45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Ngo, Robin (2018, February 21). "King Hezekiah in the Bible: Royal Seal of Hezekiah Comes to Light." Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Ngo, Robin (2018, June 12). "On View: Seals of Isaiah and King Hezekiah Discovered." Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Romey, K. (2018, February 21). Has the ‘Signature’ of Biblical Prophet Isaiah Been Discovered?. National Geographic.
      BAS Staff (2016, July 21). "The Interrupted Search for King David’s Palace." Biblical Archaeology Society.
    46. ↑ Douglas, J.D., & Tenney, Merrill C. (2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. p. 272. Zondervan.
      Tiglath Pileser III (Pul). Bible History Online.
    47. ↑ Library of Ashurbanipal. The British Museum.
    48. ↑ Mazar, Amihai, & Mathias, Ginny (2001). Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan. p. 258. Sheffield Academic Press.
      The Nimrud Prism, 720 B.C. The Center for Online Judaic Studies.
    49. ↑ B.A.S. Staff The Siloam Pool: Where Jesus Healed the Blind Man. Biblical Archaeology Society.
    50. ↑ Hanson, K.C. Siloam Inscription. KCHanson.com.
      Siloam Inscription (1906). Jewish Encyclopedia.
      Siloam Inscription. Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
      Hezekiah Inscription to Return to Israel. (2007, September 5). The Washington Times.
      Various Subjects of Archaeological Interest. Copy of the Siloam Inscription with Translation. Library of Congress.
    51. ↑ Holden & Geisler (2013). "The Popular Handbook of Archaeology and the Bible." Harvest House Publishers.
    52. ↑ Collins, Paul. Lachish Reliefs. BBC.
      Stone Relief from the South-West Palace of Sennacherib. British Museum.
      Stone panels from the South-West Palace of Sennacherib (Room 36, nos. 8-10). British Museum.
      Bedlam Productions. Secrets of the Dead: Lachish Relief. PBS.
    53. ↑ Fletcher, Elizabeth. Lachish. Bible-Archaeology.info.
      Ussishkin, David. Excavations and Restoration Work at Tel Lachish. Tel Aviv University.
    54. ↑ "The Shebna Inscription / The Royal Steward Inscription." British Museum.
    55. ↑ Frenkel, S. (2012, December 25). "Dig Finds Evidence of Another Bethlehem." NPR.
    56. ↑ The Flood Tablet, relating part of the Epic of Gilgamesh. British Museum.
    57. ↑ Fallen Empires: Sennacherib's Hexagonal Prism. Bible History Online.
    58. ↑ Grayson, A.K. (1987, Autumn). "Akkadian Treaties of the Seventh Century B.C." Journal of Cuneiform Studies (39)2: 127-160. JSTOR.
    59. ↑ "The Flood Tablet, relating part of the Epic of Gilgamesh." British Museum.
    60. ↑ Hanson, K.C. (2007, April 2). "The Ekron Inscription." KCHanson.com.
    61. ↑ "A 'Pim' Testifies to the Bible’s Historicity." Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
    62. ↑ BAS Staff (2015, August 24). "Jeremiah, Prophet of the Bible, Brought Back to Life." Biblical Archaeology Society.
    63. ↑ Butt, Kyle (2005). "Jehoiachin, the Bible, and Archaeology." Apologetics Press.
    64. ↑ Lachish Letter II. The British Museum.
      Hanson, K.C. (2007). Lachish Ostracon. KCHanson.com.
      Borowski, Oded (1984, March/April). Scholars’ Corner: Yadin Presents New Interpretation of the Famous Lachish Letters. Biblical Archaeology Society. BAR 10:02.
    65. ↑ Allen, Spencer L. (2015). "The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East." p. 287. De Gruyter.
    66. ↑ Wood, Bryant G. (2008, April 28). "Nebo-Sarsekim Found in Babylonian Tablet." Associates for Biblical Research.
    67. ↑ CNN (2019, August 12). "Archaeologists Find Evidence of Babylonian Conquest of Jerusalem -- As Told in the Bible." CNN Travel.
      Schuster, R. (2019, August 11). "Rare Jewel Found on Mt. Zion Reveals Babylonian Destruction of Jerusalem." Haaretz.
    68. ↑ Cylinder of Nabonidus." British Museum.
      "Cuneiform Cylinder: Ehulhul Inscription of Nabonidus Describing His Work on Three Temples." The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
      "Human Rights: Cyrus Cylinder." Council on Foreign Relations.
    69. ↑ 6. Archaeological Finds: Seven Compelling Evidences (2011, March 13). Answers in Genesis.
    70. ↑ Babylonian Chronicle. British Museum.
    71. ↑ MacGregor, Neil (2013, February 24). A 2,600-Year-Old Icon of Freedom Comes to the United States. CNN.
      Cyrus Cylinder. British Museum.
      Ghasemi, Shapour. History of Iran: The Cyrus the Great Cylinder. Iran Chamber Society.
      Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (2013, January 1). Cylinder of Cyrus the Great Makes Its U.S. Debut. Popular Archaeology.
      The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
    72. ↑ Bisceglio, Paul (2013, March 8). The Cyrus Cylinder Goes on View at the Sackler Gallery. Smithsonian Institution.
      Kennicott, Philip (2013, March 7). Sackler Displaying Cyrus Cylinder, an Artifact with Long History and Many Meanings. The Washington Post.
      Finkel, Irving (2013, March). The Cyrus Cylinder. MacMillan.
    73. ↑ Cyrus Cylinder. Bible-History Online.
    74. ↑ "Nabonidus Chronicle." British Museum.
    75. ↑ Ben Zion, Ilan (2015, October 22). "Ancient Temple Mount 'Warning Stone' is 'Closest Thing We Have to the Temple." Times of Israel.
    76. ↑ Appelman, Hilary (1996, July 8). Archaeologists Unearth Wine Jug Used By King Herod. Associated Press.
      Estrin, Daniel (2013, January 15). Israel to Open Exhibit on Biblical King Herod. Associated Press.
      Palmer, Douglas, Bahn, Paul G., & Tyldesley, Joyce (2004). Unearthing the Past: The Great Archaeological Discoveries that Have Changed History. p. 84. Lyons Press.
      Rudoren, Jodi (2013, February 13). Anger That a Herod Show Uses West Bank Objects. The New York Times.
    77. ↑ Milstein, Mati (2010, October 13). Pictures: King Herod's VIP Box Excavated. National Geographic.
    78. ↑ Brody, Lisette (2008, September 18). For Young Archaeologists: Herod the Great. Associates for Biblical Research.
    79. ↑ Rogers, James (2018, October 21). Ancient Inscription Discovery Thrills Archaeologists in Israel. FOX News.
      Katz, Brigit (2018, October 17). "2,000 Year-Old Stone Inscription is Earliest to Spell out Jerusalem." Smithsonian Magazine.
    80. ↑ Pratt, B. (2016, September 1). "Did the Census Reported in Luke 2 Actually Occur?" Tough Questions Answered.
      Kokkinos, N. (1995). "The Honorand of the Titulus Tiburtinus: C. Sentius Saturninus?" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 105:21-36.
    81. ↑ Hanson, K.C. (2007, April 19). Pilate Inscription. KCHanson.com.
      Charlesworth, James H. (2006). Jesus and Archaeology. pp. 335-336. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
      Caesarea Maritima. PBS.
    82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 The Cradle of Christianity, In the Days of Jesus: The Trial and Crucifixion. The Israel Museum.
    83. ↑ Butt, Kyle (2002). Pilate—Lost and Found. Apologetics Press.
    84. ↑ Pontius Pilate: Man Behind the Myth (2001, April 13). BBC News.
    85. ↑ Welsh, Jennifer (2011, August 31). Ancient Bone Box Might Point to Biblical Home of Caiaphas. NBC News.
      Specter, Michael (1992, August 14). Tomb May Hold the Bones Of Priest Who Judged Jesus. The New York Times.
      Hanson, K.C. (2010, July 19). The Ossuary of Joseph Caiaphas. KCHanson.com.
    86. ↑ American Friends of Tel Aviv University (2011, September 10). 2,000-Year-Old Burial Box Could Reveal Location of the Family of Caiaphas. ScienceDaily.
      Ronen, Gil (2011, June 29). House of Caiaphas Ossuary is Authentic. Arutz Sheva.
    87. ↑ Rogers, James (2018, July 12). "Stunning Biblical 'Spies' Mosaic Discovered in Israel." FOX News.
      Miller, Carly (2018, June 9). "Unparalleled Mosaics Discovered by UNC-Chapel Hill Archaeologist and Team Provide New Clues on Life in an Ancient Galilean Jewish Village." University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
    88. ↑ Ngo, Robin (2014, September 29). "Ophel Treasure Goes on Display at the Israel Museum." Biblical Archaeology Society.
    89. ↑ Dollinger, Andre. The Amarna Letters. Reshafim.org.il.
    90. ↑ Becher, Mordechai. The Ten Plagues - Live From Egypt. Ohr Somayach.
    91. ↑ Bietak, Manfred (2003). Israelites Found in Egypt. Biblical Archaeology Society. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
    92. ↑ Wood, Bryant G. (1998). Is there evidence that the Israelites once lived in Egypt as the Bible says? Has Joseph's original tomb been found? Associates for Biblical Research. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
    93. ↑ Wiener, Noah (2014, February 11). The Expulsion of the Hyksos. Biblical Archaeological Society. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
    94. ↑ Byers, Gary (2008, September 24). Israel in Egypt. Associates for Biblical Research. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
    95. ↑ Kessler, Rebecca (2011, February 15). Thousands of Tombs in Saudi Desert Spotted From Space. LiveScience.
    96. ↑ St Fleur, Nicholas (2017, November 17). "A Close-Up on Mysteries Made of Stone in Saudi Arabia’s Desert." New York Times.
    97. ↑ Zias, Levana (2011, December). Archaeologists Excavate Legendary City of Dan. Popular Archaeology. Volume 5.
    98. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (2005, August 5). "King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says." The New York Times.
      Lori, Aviva (2003, May 8). ""Grounds for Disbelief." Haaretz.
      Wilson, Scott (2005, December 2). "A Dig Into Jerusalem's Past Fuels Present-Day Debates." The Washington Post.
      King David's Palace? (2005). City of David, Ancient Jerusalem.
      Draper, Robert (2010, December 15). "Kings of Controversy." National Geographic.
    99. ↑ Mazar, Eilat (2012, September 7). Did I Find King David’s Palace? Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Jeremiah, Prophet of the Bible, Brought Back to Life. Biblical Archaeology Society.
      Ngo, Robin (2014, January 17). King David’s Palace and the Millo. Biblical Archaeology Society.
    100. ↑ Bryant, Dewayne (2011). An Interview With Israel Finkelstein. Apologetics Press.
    101. ↑ Faust, Avraham (2012, September/October). Did Eilat Mazar Find David's Palace? BAR 70(40-52).
      Govier, Gordon (2011, November 11). Archaeology's Rebel: Bible in One Hand, Spade in the Other. Christianity Today.
    102. ↑ Glassman, Gary, & Lewis, Susan K. (2008, November 18). NOVA: The Palace of King David. PBS.
      The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (2010, February 22). Archaeologist Discovers Jerusalem City Wall from Tenth Century B.C.E. ScienceDaily.
    103. ↑ Bronner, Ethan (2008, October 29). Find of Ancient City Could Alter Notions of Biblical David. New York Times.
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