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    Manuscript Evidence for the Bible

    From BibleStrength
    Great Isaiah Scroll

    According to Josh McDowell in More Than a Carpenter (1977), the Bible, and particularly the New Testament, are the best-evidenced documents by manuscript evidence in antiquity. According to McDowell,

    Whereas other ancient religious documents like the Rig Veda were preserved through oral tradition similar to a game of 'Telephone', the Bible repeatedly claims from the book of Genesis onward to have been preserved through writing, and numerous ancient documents preserve its text.

    History

    Masoretic Text

    The Masoretes, a group of Jewish scribes, finished what is called the Masoretic Text, a standardized form of Old Testament translation by the 6th Century A.D. They took extreme care in the preservation of manuscripts, which included:[2]

    • Strictly specifying all details of the copying process including writing materials, columns per page, column width, and ink color.
    • Nothing was to be written from memory, manuscripts could be copied only from existing manuscripts in good condition.
    • 'Checksumming' was used, i.e. every word, verse, and letter was given a number, and the middle words and letters checked for accuracy, as was the number of letters in each book.
    • A single mistake in a book meant the entire manuscript was to be destroyed.

    Dead Sea Scrolls

    See also List of Dead Sea Scrolls

    In 1947, in the midst of the War for the Independence of the Republic of Israel, came the discovery, at Qumran, of the first 7 Dead Sea scrolls by a Bedouin shepherd boy looking for his straying goat.[4] Bedouin of the Ta'amra tribe discovered 7 scrolls in a cave now named "Cave 1" Khirbet Qumran on the Northwest shore of the Dead Sea. Three of these scrolls were then purchased by archaeologist Eliezer Lipa Sukenik for the Hebrew University and others were bought by Mar Athanasius Samuel for the Metropolitan of the Syrian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem. From 1949-1954, additional fragments of more than 950 different scrolls were found in 10 nearby caves by Bedouins and a joint archaeological expedition led by Professor Father Roland de Vaux for the École Biblique et Archéologique Française and the Rockefeller Museum.[5]

    The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, most of which dated from 200 B.C. to 68 A.D., drastically increased our assurance that the Old Testament we have today has been faithfully transmitted through the centuries.[3] Some even date to 300 B.C. or older[6], like the Great Isaiah Scroll which was carbon-dated as old as 335 B.C.[7] These scrolls have largely backed up the Masoretic Text, with rare exception. The most manuscript fragments were found in Cave 4, over 15,000. The final cave, Cave 11, was discovered in 1956. The first 7 scrolls remain in the property of the Israel Museum, while most of the fragments are owned by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).[8]

    The Code of Hammurabi, which contains "eye for an eye."

    There were actually five sites in all discovered contributing Dead Sea Scrolls. The first, at Qumran, consisted of 11 caves with over 15,000 fragments (according to the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation there are over 100,000 fragments[5] from 800 or 900 original manuscripts, typically dating from the 3rd to 1st centuries B.C. The second site, Wadi Al-Murabba'at - 11 miles south of Qumran, contained documents from army fugitives in the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome (A.D. 132-135) and included a well-preserved scroll of the Minor Prophets. The third site south of 'En Gedi included a Greek translation of the Minor Prophets from the 1st Century A.D. and some Biblical fragments. The fourth site, 8.5 miles north of Jericho, contained legal documents from Samarians massacred by soldiers of Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. The fifth site at Masada contained a copy of Ecclesiastes (75 B.C.) and fragments of Genesis, Leviticus, and Psalms.[9]

    Biblical Manuscripts

    Old Testament

    List of Old Testament manuscripts

    The following is a list of major Old Testament manuscripts older than 200 A.D.:

    KEY:

    • DSS: Dead Sea Scroll
    Name Date Content Type Institution
    Code of Hammurabi[10] 1790 B.C. Ancient law with rules identical in numerous places to the Bible's Mosaic Law, it contains the "eye for an eye" prohibition of Ex. 21:24; Le. 24:20; and De. 19:21. Stele The Louvre
    Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon[11] 1000 B.C. lines similar to Isaiah 1:17, Psalms 72:3, and Exodus 23:3 Inscription Israel Museum
    KH1 & KH2 [Ketef Hinnom Amulets][12] 650 B.C. Numbers 6:24-26, Deuteronomy 7:9 Inscription Israel Museum
    1QIsa(a) [Great Isaiah Scroll][7][13] 351-53 B.C. Book of Isaiah DSS
    4Q213 Levi(a) ar[7][14] 344-53 B.C. Fragments from Leviticus DSS
    4Q53Sam(c)[7] 349 B.C.-18 A.D. Fragments from Samuel DSS
    Dead Sea Scrolls (Other)[7] 350 B.C.-65 A.D. entire Old Testament DSS
    Nash Papyrus[15] 150 B.C. Exodus 20:2; Deuteronomy 5:6; 6:4-9 DSS
    Papyrus Fouad 266 125 B.C. Deuteronomy 23:24(26)–24:3; 25:1–3; 26:12; 26:17–19; 28:31–33; 27:15; 28:2 Uncial
    11Q1 [Leviticus Scroll] 100 B.C. Leviticus 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18-22 DSS
    1QGen[7][16] 89 B.C. - 69 A.D. Genesis DSS
    4Q7 Genesis g[17] 50 B.C. Genesis 1:1-2 Papyrus
    4Q41[18] 15 B.C. Deuteronomy 5:1-6:1; 8:5-10 Papyrus
    11Q5/11QPs-a) [Qumran Psalms Scroll][19] 40 A.D. Psalms 93, 101-105, 109-110, 113-151, 154-155 DSS
    P.Oxy.L 3522[20] 50 A.D. Job 42:11-12 Papyrus
    P.Oxy.LXV 4443[21] 100 A.D. Esther 6-7 Papyrus
    Greek John Rylands Papyrus 458 125 A.D. Deuteronomy 23:24(26)–24:3; 25:1–3; 26:12; 26:17–19; 28:31–33; 27:15; 28:2 Uncial
    P.Oxy.IV 656 150 A.D. Genesis 14:21–23; 15:5–9; 19:32–20:11; 24:28–47; 27:32–33, 40–41 Uncial
    Wadi Murabba'at Scrolls[22] 165 A.D. Minor Prophets (all books) & fragments of Genesis, Deuteronomy, and Isaiah. DSS
    l
    Sources:
    * Papyri.info, Oxyrhynchus , Columbia University[23]
    * Stephen Rives, Old Testament Manuscripts and 18 Tiqqune Sepherim and Looking Under the Hood: Origins of the Bible Slideshow[24]
    * Library of Congress. Scrolls from the Dead Sea: The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship[25]
    * John Rylands University Library, Image Collections, Bible Greek or Hebrew[26]
    * Israel Museum, The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls[27]
    * Papyrology Websites, Oxyrhynchus Online[28]
    * Wikipedia, Dead Sea Scrolls[29]
    * Martinez, F.G. & Tigchelaar, E.J.C., "The Dea Sea Scrolls Study Edition, Vol. 2.[30]
    * Wikipedia, Oxyrhynchus Papyri[31]

    New Testament

    There are 127 papyri,[32] 318 and 2882 Majuscule and Miniscule MSS, and 2436 Lectionary MSS that make up the at least 5,762 manuscripts of the Greek New Testament (current as of 2008).[33][34] There are at least 24,000 manuscripts for the New Testament in all, including at least 8,000 in the Latin Vulgate and 1,000 in Syrian, Coptic, Armenian, Gothic, and Ethiopic,[35] with 99.5% internal consistency.[36][3] More manuscripts are being discovered and translated all the time.[37]

    List of New Testament codexes

    The following are largely complete New Testament documents, as opposed to papyri which tend to be fragmentary, prior to 500 A.D.

    Name Date Content Type Institution
    copSA [Sahidic Coptic] 250 A.D. entire New Testament except Revelation Version
    syrS [Sinaitic Syriac] 300 A.D. much of the Gospels Version
    GA01 [Codex Sinaiticus] 350 A.D. entire New Testament Uncial British Library
    GA03 [Codex Vaticanus] 350 A.D. entire New Testament except I Tim. through Phlm. & Heb 9:14 through Rev.; entire Old Testament except Gen. 1:1-46:28 & Ps. 105:27-137:6 Uncial Vatican Library
    GA032 [Codex Washingtonianus] 400 A.D. all 4 Gospels except Mark 15:13-38 & John 14:26-16:7 Uncial
    GA 04 [Codex Ephraemi] 425 A.D. most of New Testament, parts of Old Testament Uncial Bibliothèque nationale de France
    GA 02 [Codex Alexandrinus] 450 A.D. virtually complete Old and New Testaments Uncial British Library
    GA 05 [Codex Bezae] 450 A.D. Gospels except Mt. 1:1-20; 6:20-9:2; 27:2-12 & John 1:16- 3:26; Acts except 8:29-10:14 & 21:2-10,16-18; 22:10-20,29-end; James through Jude Uncial British Library
    GA 16 [Codex Freerianus] 450 A.D. most of Paul's epistles & most of Hebrews Uncial Cambridge University Library
    syrC [Curetonian Syriac] 450 A.D. Matthew 1:1-8:22; 10:32-23:25; Mark 16:17-20; John 1:1-42; 3:6-7:37; 14:10-29; Luke 2:48-3:16; 7:33-15:21; 17:24-24:44 Version

    List of New Testament manuscripts

    The following is a list of early New Testament manuscripts, by date, prior to 300 A.D.

    KEY:

    • A. Date means "Accepted Date", the typical consensus for the document.
    • C. Date means "Controversial Date", newer dates viewed as controversial.
    Name A. Date Content Type Institution C. Date
    P52 125 A.D. John 18:31-33; 18:37-38 Papyrus John Rylands University Library 100 A.D.
    P104, also P.Oxy.LXIV 4404[38] 150 A.D. Matthew 21:34-37,43,45 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P90 163 A.D. John 18:36-19:7 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P64+67 163 A.D. Mt. 3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33 Papyrus Magdalen College 60 A.D.
    P98 175 A.D. Revelation 1:13-2:1 Papyrus Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
    GA 0189 200 A.D. Acts 5:3-21 Uncial Berlin
    P46[39] 200 A.D. most of Pauline epistles, Hebrews Papyrus Chester Beatty Library; University of Michigan 85 A.D.
    P4 200 A.D. Lk. 1:58-59,62-80; 2:1,6,7; 3:8-38; 4:1,2,29-32,34,35; 5:3-8,30-39; 6:1-16 Papyrus Bibliotheque Nationale de France 100 A.D.
    P32 200 A.D. Titus 1:11-15; 2:3-8 Papyrus John Rylands University Library 175 A.D.
    P66 200 A.D. most of John Papyrus Institut für Altertumskunde 125 A.D.
    P77 200 A.D. Matthew 23:30-39 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum 150 A.D.
    P103, also P.Oxy.LXIV 4403[40] 200 A.D. Matthew 13:55-56; 14:3-5 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P23 225 A.D. James 1:10-12, 15-18 Papyrus University of Illinois, Urbana
    GA 0220 250 A.D. Romans 4:23-5:3; 5:8-13 Uncial London/Oslo
    P1 250 A.D. Matthew 1:1-9,12-20 Papyrus Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
    P5 250 A.D. John 1:23-31,33-41; 16:14-30; 20:11-17,19,20,22-25, 20:19-25 Papyrus British Library
    P9 250 A.D. I John 4:11-12,14-17 Papyrus Houghton Library
    P12 250 A.D. Hebrews 1:1 Papyrus Pierpont Morgan Library
    P15 250 A.D. I Corinthians 7:18-40; 7:40-8:1-4 Papyrus Egyptian Museum
    P20 250 A.D. James 2:19-25; 2:26-3:9 Papyrus Princeton University Library
    P22[41] 250 A.D. John 15:25-27; 16:1-2,21-32 Papyrus Glasgow University Library
    P27[42] 250 A.D. Romans 8:12-22,24-27,33-39, 9:1-3,5-9 Papyrus Cambridge University Library
    P28 250 A.D. John 6:8-12, 17-22 Papyrus Pacific School of Religion
    P29 250 A.D. Acts 26:7-8, 20 Papyrus The Bodleian Library
    P30 250 A.D. I Thessalonians 4:12-13,16-17; 5:3,8-10,12-18,25-28; II Thess 1:1-2 Papyrus Ghent University Library
    P39 250 A.D. John 8:14-22 Papyrus Ambrose Swasey Library
    P40 250 A.D. Romans 1:24-27,31-32; 2:1-3; 3:21-31; 4:1-8; 6:4-5,16; 9:16-17,27 Papyrus Institut fur Papyrologie der Univ.
    P45[43] 250 A.D. much of Mark, Luke, John, & Mt. 20:24-32; 21:13-19; 25:41-46; 26:1-39 Papyrus Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 150 A.D.
    P47[44] 250 A.D. Revelation 9:10-11; 13:11, 14-16; 15:16,17-17:2:2 Papyrus Chester Beatty Library
    P49[45] 250 A.D. Ephesians 4:16-29,31-32, 5:1-13 Papyrus Yale U. Library
    P53 250 A.D. Matthew 26:29-40; Acts 9:33-43;10:1 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P65 250 A.D. I Thessalonians 1:3-2:1,6-13 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P69 250 A.D. Luke 22:41,45-48,58-61 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P70 250 A.D. Matt 2:13-16,22-3:1; 11:26-27; 12:4-5; 24:3-6,12-15 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P75[46] 250 A.D. much of Luke & half of John Papyrus
    P80 250 A.D. John 3:34 Papyrus Barcelona
    P87[47] 250 A.D. Philemon 1:13-15,24-25 Papyrus Institut für Altertumskunde 125 A.D.
    P91[48] 250 A.D. Acts 2:30-37,46-47; 3:1-2 Papyrus North Ryde, Australia
    P95 250 A.D. John 5:26-29, 36-38 Papyrus Florence
    P101, also P.Oxy.LXIV 4401[49] 250 A.D. Matthew 3:10-12,16-4:3 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P106 250 A.D. John 1:29-35,40-46 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P107[50] 250 A.D. John 17:1-2,11 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P108[51] 250 A.D. John 17:23-24, 18:1-5 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P109[52] 250 A.D. John 21:18-20, 23-25 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P111[53] 250 A.D. Luke 17:11-13, 22-23 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P113[54] 250 A.D. Romans 2:12-13, 29 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P114[55] 250 A.D. Hebrews 1:7-12 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P118 250 A.D. Romans 15:26-27,32-33; 16:1,4-7,11-12 Papyrus Univ., Seminar für Ägyptologie
    P119 250 A.D. John 1:21-28,38-44 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P121 250 A.D. John 19:17-18; 25-26 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P48 275 A.D. Acts 23:11-17, 24-29 Papyrus Bibl. Medicea Laurenziana
    GA 0171 300 A.D. Matt 10:17-23, 25-32; Luke 22:44-56, 61-64 Uncial Staatl. Mus.
    P38 300 A.D. Acts 18:27-28; 19:1-6,12-16 Papyrus University of Michigan
    P7 300 A.D. Luke 4:1-3 Papyrus Centr. Nauch. Bibl.
    P13 300 A.D. Hebrews 2:14-18; 3:1-19; 4:1-16; 5:1-5; 10:8-22,29-39; 11:1-13,28-40; 12:1-17 Papyrus British Library
    P16 300 A.D. Philemon 3:9-17; 4:2-8 Papyrus Egyptian Mus.
    P18 300 A.D. Revelation 1:4-7 Papyrus British Library
    P37[56] 300 A.D. Matthew 26:19-52 Papyrus University of Michigan
    P72 300 A.D. 1 Peter 1:1-25; 2:1-25; 3:1-22; 4:1-19; 5:1-14; 2 Peter 1:1-21; 2:1-22; 3:1-18; Jude 1-25 Papyrus Bibl. Bodmeriana, Vatican Library
    P78 300 A.D. Jude 4-5,7-8 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P92 300 A.D. Ephesians 1:11-13,19-21; II Thessalonians 1:4-5,11-12 Papyrus Egyptian Mus.
    P100[57] 300 A.D. James 3:13-4:4, 4:9-5:1 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P102, also P.Oxy.LXIV 4402[58] 300 A.D. Matthew 4:11-12,22-23 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P115[59] 300 A.D. much of Revelation Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    P125 300 A.D. 1 Peter 1:23-2:5; 2:7-12 Papyrus Ashmolean Museum
    GA 0162 300 A.D. John 2:11-22 Uncial New York
    GA 0312 300 A.D. Luke 5:23-24,30-31; 7:9,17-18 Uncial Corpus Christi College
    l
    Sources:
    * David Palmer, Table of NT Greek Manuscripts BibleTranslation.ws[60]
    * CSNTM, Manuscripts (Includes hundreds of manuscripts for public viewing archived with high-res. digital photography)[61]
    * INTF, Continuation of the Manuscript List[62]
    * Matt Baker, Oldest New Testament Manuscripts, UsefulCharts.com[63]
    * Timothy Seid, A Table of Greek Manuscripts. Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts.[64]
    * Wieland Willker, Complete List of Greek NT Papyri[65]
    * Peter M. Head, Early Greek Bible Manuscript Project: NT Mss. on Papyrus[66]
    * Wikipedia. List of New Testament Papyri[67]


    Writing or Oral Tradition?

    Amazingly, it has become in vogue to criticize the Bible as being preserved similar to a game of "telephone." However, such an accusation directly contradicts what the Bible says about how it was preserved, namely, through writing, not oral tradition:

    • Exodus 17:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.
    • Numbers 5:23 And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall blot them out with the bitter water:
    • Deuteronomy 31:24 And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished,
    • Joshua 24:26 And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the LORD.
    • 1 Kings 11:41 And the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and his wisdom, are they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon?
    • Isaiah 30:8 Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever:
    • Jeremiah 30:2 Thus speaketh the LORD God of Israel, saying, Write thee all the words that I have spoken unto thee in a book.
    • Ezekiel 43:11 And if they be ashamed of all that they have done, shew them the form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the laws thereof: and write it in their sight, that they may keep the whole form thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and do them.
    • Habakkuk 2:2 And the LORD answered me, and said, Write the vision, and make it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it.
    • Luke 1:3 It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus,
    • John 20:30 And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not written in this book:
    • Acts 15:20 But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood.

    Numerous other examples exist of the Bible being preserved via writing, namely Exodus 24:7; Numbers 17:2-3; 21:14; Deuteronomy 6:9; 17:18; 27:3,8; 28:58,61; 29:20-21,27; 30:10; 31:19,26; 34:27; Joshua 8:31,34; 10:13; 18:9; 23:6; 1 Kings 14:19,29; 15:7,23,31; 16:5,14,20,27; 22:39,45; 2 Kings 1:18; 8:23; 10:34; 12:19; 13:8,12; 14:6,15,18,28; 15:6,11,15,21,26,31,36; 16:19; 20:20; 21:17,25; 22:8-16; 23:2-3,21,24,28; 24:5; 1 Chronicles 9:1; 29:29; 2 Chronicles 9:29; 12:15; 16:11; 17:9; 20:34; 24:27; 25:4,26; 26:2; 27:7; 28:26; 32:32; 33:18; 34:14-31; 35:12,27; 36:8; Ezra 4:15; 5:10; 6:18; Nehemiah 8:1-8,18; 9:3,38; 12:23; 13:1; Esther 2:23; 8:8; 9:32; 10:2; Psalms 40:7; 56:8; Isaiah 8:1; 34:16; Jeremiah 25:13; 36:2-13,17-18,28,32; 45:1; 51:60-63; Ezekiel 24:2; Daniel 12:4; Nahum 1:1; Malachi 3:16; 1 Corinthians 4:14; 14:37; 2 Corinthians 1:13; 2:9; 13:2,10; Galatians 1:20; Philippians 3:1; 2 Thessalonians 3:17; 1 Timothy 3:14; 2 Peter 3:1; 1 John 1:4; 2:1,7-8,12-13; Jude 1:3; Revelation 1:11,19; 2:1,8,12,18; 3:1,7,12,14; 14:13; 19:9; 21:5.

    The Bible overwhelmingly claims, in short, to be a historical record constantly preserved through writing, not oral tradition as its critics accuse. Whereas the Rigveda was preserved orally, the Bible always claimed to be recorded through writing. As such its preserved texts are far older than those of eastern religions like Buddhism or Hinduism, and certainly older than those of Islam which of course came considerably later.

    References

    1. ↑ McDowell, Josh (1977). More Than a Carpenter, p. 48. Tyndale House Publishers.
    2. ↑ Hushbeck, Elgin L. (2005). Consider Christianity, Evidence for the Bible. Volume 1. pp. 9-10. Energion Publications. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=07LbL03kCcoC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9.
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Boa, Kenneth. "How Accurate is the Bible?" Bible.org.
    4. ↑ Sussman, Ayala & Peled, Ruth (1993). "The Dead Sea Scrolls." Jewish Virtual Library.
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation. "About the Scrolls."
    6. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (2010, January). "Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?," pg. 2. Smithsonian Magazine.
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Doudna, G. (1998). "Dating the Scrolls on the Basis of Radiocarbon Analysis." In "The Dead Sea Scrolls After 50 Years: A Comprehensive Assessment," Vol. 1. P. Flint and J. VanderKam, eds. Leiden: Brill, 430-71.
      Bonani, G.; Ivy, S.; Wolfli, W.; & Broshi, M. (2006, June). "Radiocarbon Dating of Fourteen Dead Sea Scrolls." Radiocarbon 34(3): 843-849.
    8. ↑ The Israel Museum. "The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls: Discovery." Jerusalem. Accessed April 17, 2012.
    9. ↑ Davies, Philip R. (2009). "Dead Sea Scrolls." Encyclopaedia Britannica, History.
    10. ↑ Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi . American Historical Association.
      Rummell, S. The Hammurabi Stele. Texas Wesleyan University.
      Claire, Iselin. Law Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon. Louvre Museum.
    11. ↑ CNN (2008, October 30). "Archeologist Finds 3,000-Year Old Hebrew Text.
      Deem, R. (2010, January 12). "10th Century Hebrew Inscription on Pottery from Khirbet Qeiyafa, Israel Confirms Biblical Claims." GodandScience.org.
    12. ↑ Caesar, S. (2010, January 6). "The Blessing of the Silver Scrolls." BibleArchaeology.org. Published in Bible and Spade, Spring 2006.
      Barkay, G., Vaughan, A.G., Lundberg, M.J., & Zuckerman, B. (2004). "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation." The American Schools of Oriental Research.
      Bible History Daily. "The Greatest Finds in Biblical Archaeology." Biblical Archaeological Society.
    13. ↑ The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. "The Great Isaiah Scroll."
    14. ↑ Greenfield, S. (1996). "Aramaic Levi Document." Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library, Israel Antiquities Authority.
    15. ↑ Burkitt, F.C. "The Hebrew Papyrus of the Ten Commandments." The Jewish Quarterly Review, 15(1903), 392-408.
    16. ↑ Barthelemy (1955). "1Q Genesis." Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library, Israel Antiquities Authority.
    17. ↑ The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. "Featured Scrolls." Israel Antiquities Authority.
    18. ↑ The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. "Featured Scrolls." Israel Antiquities Authority.
    19. ↑ Williams, Tyler F. (2009, July 15). "Qumran Psalms Scroll (11Q5/11QPs-a)." BiblicalStudies.ca.
    20. ↑ P.J. Parsons (1983). P.Oxy.L 3522 LXX Job 42:11-12." Oxyrhynchus Online. Papyrology Websites.
    21. ↑ K. Luchner (1998). P.Oxy.LXV 4443 LXX, Esther E16-9.3." Oxyrhynchus Online. Papyrology Websites.
    22. ↑ Walch, Stephen (2011, September 28). "Dead Sea Scrolls." The Way to Yahuweh.
    23. ↑ Papyri.info. Oxyrhynchus. Columbia University. Accessed July 15, 2012.
    24. ↑ Rives, Stephen (2011, September 27). Old Testament Manuscripts and 18 Tiqqune Sepherim EastSide Church of the Cross. Also Looking Under the Hood: Origins of the Bible Slideshow.
    25. ↑ Library of Congress. Scrolls from the Dead Sea: The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship. www.Loc.gov.
    26. ↑ John Rylands University Library. Bible Greek or Hebrew. Image Collections.
    27. ↑ Israel Museum The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls.
    28. ↑ Papyrology Websites, Oxyrhynchus Online. Browse By Date.
    29. ↑ Wikipedia. Dead Sea Scrolls Accessed April 17, 2012.
    30. ↑ Martinez, F.G. & Tigchelaar, E.J.C. (1998). "The Dea Sea Scrolls Study Edition." Vol. 2. Index (contains listing of Dead Sea Scrolls). Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing Company.
    31. ↑ Wikipedia. Oxyrhynchus Papyri Accessed July 15, 2012.
    32. ↑ Wallace, Daniel B. (2012, February 10). "Earliest Manuscript of the New Testament Discovered?." The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts.
    33. ↑ Welte, Michael (2008). "Kurzgefasste Liste der Griechischen Handschriften des NT." Quoted by Wieland Willker in "Update-list of Greek NT Uncials."
    34. ↑ Wallace, Daniel B. (2007). "Greek New Testament Manuscripts Discovered in Albania." Bible.org.
    35. ↑ Williams, Jimmy (1995). "Are the Biblical Documents Reliable?" Probe Ministries.
    36. ↑ Slick, Matt. "Manuscript Evidence for Superior New Testament Readability." Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry.
    37. ↑ Bruce Metzger and Bart Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition 2005), pg. 50
    38. ↑ J. David Thomas. "P.Oxy. LXIV 4404." POxy Papyrus Web. The Center for Study of Ancient Documents. Stelios Ioannou School for Research in Classical and Byzantine Studies, Oxford.
      The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P104."
    39. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P46."
    40. ↑ J. David Thomas. "P.Oxy. LXIV 4403." POxy Papyrus Web. The Center for Study of Ancient Documents. Stelios Ioannou School for Research in Classical and Byzantine Studies, Oxford.
      The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P103."
    41. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P22."
    42. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P27."
    43. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P45."
    44. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P47."
    45. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P49."
    46. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P75."
    47. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P87."
    48. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P91."
    49. ↑ J. David Thomas. "P.Oxy. LXIV 4401." POxy Papyrus Web. The Center for Study of Ancient Documents. Stelios Ioannou School for Research in Classical and Byzantine Studies, Oxford.
      The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P101."
    50. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P107."
    51. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P108."
    52. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P109."
    53. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P111."
    54. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P113."
    55. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P114."
    56. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P37."
    57. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P100."
    58. ↑ J. David Thomas. "P.Oxy. LXIV 4402." POxy Papyrus Web. The Center for Study of Ancient Documents. Stelios Ioannou School for Research in Classical and Byzantine Studies, Oxford.
      The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P102."
    59. ↑ The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscript P115."
    60. ↑ Palmer, David. Table of NT Greek Manuscripts BibleTranslation.ws
    61. ↑ The Center for Study of New Testament Manuscripts. "Manuscripts."
    62. ↑ INTF. "Continuation of the Manuscript List." University of Münster.
    63. ↑ Baker, Matt (2011, December 15). "Oldest New Testament Manuscripts." UsefulCharts.com.
    64. ↑ Seid, Timothy. A Table of Greek Manuscripts. Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts.
    65. ↑ Willker, Wieland. "Complete List of Greek NT Papyri."
    66. ↑ Head, Peter M. "Early Greek Bible Manuscript Project: NT Mss. on Papyrus."
    67. ↑ Wikipedia. List of New Testament Papyri Accessed April 17, 2012.
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